Nanotechnology 2020 | London | UK | Allied Conferences | Meetings

Global assembling of Academicians, Researchers, Scholars & Industry to disseminate and exchange information at 100+ Allied Academies Conferences

Theme

Microscopic to Nanoscale Advances in the Real World,

- Nanotechnology 2020

Welcome Message

Allied Academies would like to welcome you all with great honour and influence on the “2^nd International Conference on Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine”, which will be held on Feb 24-25, 2020, in Bangkok, Thailand.

This year's innovative theme is "Microscopic to Nanoscale Advances in the Real World," which means it will provide new ideas, techniques, strategies, and advancements that will genuinely impact the way you collaborate and thus the organisation that holds prominent experts in the field of Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology conferences 2020 is the stage for well-known researchers, scientists, university educators, college analysts, and understudies, with addresses, oral and book introductions, displays, and much more learning. Share your research association and obtain name confirmation and the certificate marked by our prestigious world-elegance checking out the advisory organisation.

Our event will offer a continuously impressive line-up of keynote speakers, delighting colleagues, and connecting with substance. This is a great opportunity for delegates from colleges and institutes to meet with specialists. Participants who wish to collaborate may do so by combining the gathering with their conference partners.

Come network, socialise, and collaborate with professionals at Nanotechnology conferences 2020.

The following kinds of involvement are available to speakers:

Presentation of the keynote: The most well-known speaker will be selected as the keynote speaker and will deliver a one-hour speech at the event.

Presentation by the speaker: An oral session is made up of a series of individual talks. Each oral presentation will last 30 minutes and will be followed by a 5-minute questionnaire.

Presentation via video: If you are unable to attend the webinar but still want your paper to be presented and written, we offer video presentations. Following your presentation, you will be given a certificate of acknowledgment, as well as access to the digital book of abstracts.

Workshop presentation: Workshop lectures, which can last up to more than 60 minutes, are engaging talks about skills.

E-poster: It will be presented on a single page to explore the research work with fellow researchers

Regards

Organizing Committee

Nanotechnology conferences 2020.

Session Tracks

Sessions and Tracks

Submit your abstracts for Nanotechnology 2020

Submit your abstracts through the-mail - nanotechnology.alliedacademies.com

After the abstract has been examined, you will be notified through email of the acceptance or rejection ofyour abstract submission within 2-3 working days.

[Discounts are available on Group Registrations

25%group discount available on 10+ members]

SUBMIT YOUR ABSTRACTS FOR THE BELOW TOPICS…

· Emerging Materials and Technology

· Advanced materials

· Soft materials and Polymers

· Nanofluidics

· Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

· Materials Science and Engineering

· Materials for Regenerative Medicine, Drug delivery and Cosmetics

· Nanotechnology in WaterTreatment

· NanoPhotonics and Nanodevice

· Nanomedicine and Nano Robotics

· Nano-Biotechnology

· Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles

· Polymer Science and Technology

· Artificial Intelligence

· Advancement of Graphene Physics and 2D Accoutrements

· Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology

· Applications of Nanotechnology

· Insighton Emerging Materials

· Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

· Materials Characterization and Applications

· Materials Physics and Chemistry

· Polymer & Analytical Chemistry

· Green Nanotechnology

· Cancer Nanotechnology and Solid Tumor Oncogenesis

Session 1: Emerging Materials - Technology

As the world's energy demand ispredicted to rise rapidly, it is important that more advancements in energycreation, conversion, and storage are achieved. Materials are importantimpediments to further improved performance in a number of critical energybreakthroughs, such as energy storage for batteries and super capacitors, andenergy conversion via solar cells, power cells, and thermoelectric devices.

Associated Society:American Chemical Society - NanotechnologySafety Resources | American Society for Precision Engineering (ASPE) |British Society for Nanomedicine| International Association Of Nanotechnology| Nanotechnology world Association | Society For the Research and Studies ofNanotechnology | National Nanotechnology Association | American Society ofNanotechnology | New Zealand NanotechnologySociety | American Academy of Nanotechnology |National Institute for Nanotechnology | Nanotechnology Industries Association

Session 2: Advanced Materials

Materials such as Salmon leather,Wood-Skin adaptable wood board substance, Re Wall Naked board, Bling Cretelight-reflecting concrete, and a few other oddities have developed shocking anddistinctive qualities. Delicate materials are a subcategory of developingmaterials that comprises gels, colloids, fluids, froths, and coatings.Materials are at the heart of our society's scientific and industrialadvancement.

Session 3: Soft Materials and Polymers

Soft materials, also known as often condensed matter, are a subset of consolidated matter that includes a wide range of physical systems that are distorted or fundamentally transformed by thermal or mechanical stress of thermal fluctuations' scale. Fluids, colloids,polymers, froths, gels, granular materials, fluid gems, pads, tissue, and awide range of natural materials are all employed.

Session 4: Nano Fluidics

Nano fluidics is the study of the behaviour, control, and control of liquids bound to nanoscale (typically 1-100nm) characteristic measures (1 nm = 10?9 m). Because the liquid'scharacteristic actual scaling lengths (for example, Debye length, hydrodynamicsweep) closely match the components of the nanostructure itself, fluids bound in these structures exhibit actual behaviours not seen in larger designs, such as those with micrometre measurements or greater. The electrical double layer,which is a coordinated charge conveyance near the surface, is initiated by all-electric interactions.

Session 5: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

The treatment of problems on thenuclear, subatomic, and supramolecular scales distinguishes nanotechnology. Nanotechnology waspreviously defined as the utilisation of particles and atoms to makemicroscopic objects, sometimes known as sub-atomic nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is defined asmaterial administration by the National Nanotechnology Initiative. They are thesquares of suitable nanotechnology structure. Nanomaterials haveinspired the invention of several materials, including carbon nanotubes,nanorods, fullerene, and nanoparticles, as well as nanomaterial properties.

Session 6: Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Science and Engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines Material Science and Engineering."Materials science"is the study of the links between material structures and properties.Surprisingly, "materials designing" is the planning or design ofmaterial building to generate a pre-determined arrangement of properties basedon these construction property links. It is the creation and exploration of new materials, particularly solids. The most essential characteristics of strongmaterials can be separated into six distinct categories: mechanical,electrical, warm, attractive, optical, and deteriorative. Each has a distinctboost capable of evoking a variety of reactions. Mechanical properties like aselastic modulus and strength are related to an applied burden or force.

Session 7: Materials for Regenerative Medicine, Drug delivery and Cosmetics

The field of regenerative medicine holds immense promise for improved therapeutic outcomes, thanks to recent developments in bioengineering. Techniques for creating tissues and accumulating useful structures capable of healing, maintaining, and reproducing lost tissues and organs have influenced the entire range of medication and medical treatment. Techniques for integrating biomaterials, cells, and bioactive chemicals play a clear function in promoting tissue recovery or astherapeutic systems.

Session 8: Nanotechnology in Water Treatment

Indeed, proponents of nanotechnology contend that this area of research could help find answers to some of the most important global problems, including ensuring that a developing population has access to clean water as well as addressing problems in medical, energy, and agriculture. Avast range of tools, processes, and applications that only use particles with diameters varying from a few to many nanometers are referred to as nanotechnology. Particles have unique physicochemical properties and surface characteristics that enable novel applications.

Session 9: Nano Photonics and Nanodevice

Nanophoton examines how light isused in connections at the nanometer scale. In recent innovations likesilicon-based semiconductors, where nanophotonic technology enhances speed andexecution, this field is linked to specific advances in the utilisation oflight. Nanophotonics, commonly referred to as nano-optics, is the study oflight's journey at the nanoscale and how tiny objects interact with light. Adevice is referred to be a nanodevice if at least one of its overall dimensionsor one or more of its essential components are at the nanoscale. The mostpopular nanodevices are imaging devices. A device with nanosized components ornanoscale automation are other names for a nanodevice.

Session 10: Nanomedicine and Nano Robotics

Nanomaterials,biological devices, nanoelectronicbiosensors, and even anticipated future uses of molecular nanotechnology,including biological machines, are all included in the category of applications known as "nanomedicine." Nanomedicine isdescribed as highly specialised treatment at the nanoscale for biologicalsystem screening, diagnosis, and treatment. In the emerging field of nanorobotics,components for machines or robots are made that are only a few nanometers insize (10-9 metres). The field of nanotechnology design that focuses ondesigning and creating nanorobots (as opposed to microrobotics) is called nanorobotics. Researchers are currently working to construct nanomachines.

Session 11: Nano-Biotechnology

The fusion of nanotechnology with science is known as nanobiotechnology. It is a field of study that focuses on biological wonders by first developing nanotechnology techniques. Bionanotechnology is the study of how the objectivesof nanotechnology can be directed by concentrating on how organic"machines" operate and altering these fundamental issues to enhanceor develop new nanotechnologies. The foundation of nanobiotechnology isnanotechnology.

Session 12: Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles

Carbon tubes with cross-sectionaldiameters measured in nanometers are known as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). They arelong, narrow chambers and huge atoms with extraordinary physical and chemicalproperties, distinctive shapes, and sizes. Single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) with size of one nanometer or fewer are referred to as carbonnanotubes. In addition to the single-divider carbon nanotubes, multi-dividercarbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are also frequently referred to as carbon nanotubes. Nanoparticles (also known asultrafine particles) are shown to have one component that is less than 100 nmin size, making them the same size as subcellular structures like cellorganelles or typical macromoleculesand enabling their prearranged merger into conventional systems.

Session 13: Polymer Science and Technology

The study and application of nanoscience to polymer-nanoparticle lattices, where nanoparticles are defined as thosehaving a size of less than 100nm, makes polymer technology one of the mostprominent fields of current research. Self-assembled polymeric films, polymernanofabrication, polymer mixes, and nanocomposites are the main topics ofpolymer nanotechnology. Nanoparticles are dispersed in polymer or copolymernetworks that make up polymer lattice-based nanocomposites. A well-known Nanopolymer with discrete components that is more durable than silicon is siliconnano circles. Before the advent of nanotechnology,block copolymers and polymer blends frequently attained nanoscale sizes. Normaland engineered polymers include collagen, compounds, elastin, cellulose,chitin, plastics, fibres, and adhesives.

AssociatedJournals: Journal of Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery | Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology | International Journal of Nanomedicine | European Journal of Nanomedicine | Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology | American Journal of Nanotechnology | Journal of Nanoparticle Research | Nanotechnology, Science and Applications | Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine | Journal of NanomedicineResearch (JNMR)

AssociatedSociety: American Chemical Society - Nanotechnology Safety Resources | American Society for PrecisionEngineering (ASPE) |British Society for Nanomedicine | International Association Of Nanotechnology | Nanotechnology world Association |Society For the Research and Studies of Nanotechnology | NationalNanotechnology Association | American Society of Nanotechnology | New Zealand Nanotechnology Society | American Academy of Nanotechnology| National Institute for Nanotechnology | Nanotechnology Industries Association

Session 14: Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence is a discipline of software engineeringthat focuses on constructing intelligent robots that behave and react similarlyto humans. Artificial intelligenceis skilled at analyzing how the human brain makes decisions, learns, andfunctions when attempting to solve a problem. It then uses the findings of thisanalysis to create increasingly intelligent software and systems. Knowledge hasseveral unpleasant traits in real life. Hardware-driven, robotic automation isdifferent from AI. Instead of automating manual labour,artificial intelligence executes frequent, high-capacity,electronic jobs reliably and without getting tired. In the modern world, artificial intelligence (AI) may be used to operate robots, sensors,actuators, and other devices in a number of ways.

AssociatedJournals: Journal of Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery | Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology | International Journal of Nanomedicine | European Journal of Nanomedicine | Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology | American Journal of Nanotechnology | Journal of Nanoparticle Research | Nanotechnology, Science and Applications | Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine | Journal of NanomedicineResearch (JNMR)

AssociatedSociety: American Chemical Society - Nanotechnology Safety Resources | American Society for PrecisionEngineering (ASPE) |British Society for Nanomedicine | International Association Of Nanotechnology | Nanotechnology world Association |Society For the Research and Studies of Nanotechnology | NationalNanotechnology Association | American Society of Nanotechnology | New Zealand Nanotechnology Society | American Academy of Nanotechnology| National Institute for Nanotechnology | Nanotechnology Industries Association

Session 15: Advancement of Graphene Physics and 2DAccoutrements

A single layer of hexagonally shaped carbon particles makes up the two-dimensional (2D) carbon crystalline known as graphene. One of the forms of carbon called graphite is the softe stsubstance and a useful lubricant as well as an electrical conductor. Due to its well-known characteristic quality, it is used as thermal insulation. Othercarbon allotropes, including diamond, carbon nanotubes, graphite, and fullerenes, are built on top of this one. In materials science, nanotechnology,electronics, and optics, carbon nanotubes are cylindrical forms of carbonallotropes with outstanding mechanical, electrical, and thermal conductivity.

Session 16: Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology

Pharmaceutical nanotechnology develops novel medication conveyance frameworks to overcome the shortcomings of conventional medication conveyance systems by using nanos cience and nanomedicine approaches and standards to pharmacies. By incorporating nanotechnology into pharmaceutics, which aids in the understanding of newly developed drug transport systems, regular estimating structures are replaced by this huge and significant resource. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology assists in the treatment of a few ailments by identifying the microorganisms and pollutants that cause the infections as well as the antigens linked to the illnesses.

Session 17: Applications of Nanotechnology

Numerous improvements have been realised with nano materials.The development of nanotechnologyis significantly influenced by the numerous construction-related fields as well as those in medical and research. Controlling a problem at the nuclear, atomic,and supra molecular levels is the goal of nanotechnology.Infections can be cured with nanotechnology,and medical conditions can be avoided. The vast majority of applications are restricted to the general application of unrelated nanomaterials. It is also utilised in a number of modern and purging treatments.

Session 18: Insight on Emerging Materials

Emerging materials are ones whose mechanical characteristics, such shape, stiffness, and viscosity, as well as their thermal, optical, or electromagnetic characteristics, may change in apredictable or controllable manner in response to their environment. Each novel material has distinct characteristics that can be greatly altered, such as volume, viscosity, and conductivity. These materials have the ability to quickly transform from a liquid to a solid or change shape or size with quantity of heat.

Session 19: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

Biomaterials are materials thathave been created specifically to interact with elements of a living system forboth therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Biomaterials can be mixed withmetals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials in the lab or are availableas conventional components. Medical science, science, tissue engineering, andmaterials science are all key components of biomaterials. Biomaterial sciencealso covers toxicity, immunology, self-assembly of materials, polymer union,and medicine design. In dentistry, drug delivery, surgery, and regenerativemedicine, biomaterials—which mimic natural function—are frequently used.

Session 20: Materials Characterization and Applications

Material characterisationprobably becomes the most important component at various stages of the productdesign and manufacturing process. When presenting a material, we consider bothchemical and physical imaging data. It incorporates composite materials withfibre optics, actuators, sensors, Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMSs),vibration control, sound management, shape control, lifetime monitoring, curemonitoring, intelligent preparation, and so forth.

Associated Conferences: AssociatedConferences: NanotechnologyConferences 2020 | NanotechnologyConferences 2020| Nanotechnologyand NanomedicineConference | NanotechnologyConferences 2020| MaterialsScience and Engineering Event|Nanoscience and NanotechnologyConference | Nanoscienceand NanotechnologyMeetings | Nanomedicineand Nano Robotics Conference | Nanoscience and NanotechnologyEvent | PolymerScience and Technology|Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Event | World Congress onNanotechnology and Nanomedicine| InternationalConference on Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine.

Session 21: Materials Physics and Chemistry

Nuclear, atomic, and supermolecular conduct and a material's functional properties are separated bymaterials chemistry. With this level of building, many electrical, magnetic,and substance material properties are developed. All length scales useangstroms as their unit. When analysing the properties and conductivity of anymaterial, the way that atoms and iotas are linked and arranged is crucial.Material physical science is the application of physical science to representthe actual properties of materials. It incorporates real disciplines likephysics, strong mechanics, materials science, and strong state physics. Becauseit applies fundamental notions from dense matter to complex multiphase media,including materials with significant technological significance, materials physicalscience is regarded as a subset of consolidated matter physical science.

Track 22: Polymer & Analytical Chemistry

Polymer Chemistry the areaof chemistry that controls the movement of massive particles that are combinedwith molecules assumed to be monomers. Simple oligomers with one or two focusunits to sophisticated polymers with hundreds or thousands of repetition unitsmake up the complexity spectrum in polymer research. Polymer Chemistry is wiredinto branches that replicate the divisions of the area of research takingeverything into account, with planned (plan approaches), physical (propertyaffirmation), typical (proteins, polysaccharides, and poly nucleic acids).

Analytical Chemistry isthe branch of chemistry that oversees the fractionation, separation, andidentification of the mixture of model components. The ID may be quantitative(precise length of the segment) or dynamic (characteristics of the component),or even both. The appraisal could be dangerous, where the model is lost, or itcould be non-risky, where the model is kept. In general, sensible sciencerelied on generating answers from the uninteresting components, transformingthem into obvious aids. Newer analytical techniques combine spectroscopy (suchas visible, infrared, atomic resonance, nuclear absorption, and so on) andchromatography (such as thin-layer, gas, high-weight fluid, andelectrophoresis), with improvements that allow ever-smaller molecules to bebroken down.

Associated Society: American Chemical Society - Nanotechnology Safety Resources |American Society for PrecisionEngineering (ASPE) | British Society for Nanomedicine | InternationalAssociation Of Nanotechnology |Nanotechnology world Association | Society For the Research and Studies of Nanotechnology| National Nanotechnology Association | American Society of Nanotechnology |New Zealand NanotechnologySociety | American Academy of Nanotechnology |National Institute for Nanotechnology | Nanotechnology Industries Association

Session 23: Green Nanotechnology

Green nanotechnology can be defined as how nanotechnology can enhance environmentalsustainability and benefit the environment. It includes making greennano-products, using less energy during the manufacturing process, eco-friendlymaterials, the ability to recycle products after use, and using nano-productsin support of sustainability.

Associated Society: American Chemical Society - Nanotechnology SafetyResources | American Society for Precision Engineering (ASPE) | BritishSociety for Nanomedicine | International AssociationOf Nanotechnology |Nanotechnology world Association | Society For the Research and Studies ofNanotechnology | National Nanotechnology Association | American Society ofNanotechnology | New Zealand Nanotechnology Society | American Academyof Nanotechnology | National Institute forNanotechnology | Nanotechnology Industries Association

Session 24: Cancer Nanotechnology and Solid Tumor Oncogenesis

Nanotechnology cancer treatmentsinclude the detection and eradication of cancer cells before they form tumors,as well as the destruction of cancer tumors with little damage to healthytissue and organs. Nanotechnology offers enormousopportunities in cancer therapy, diagnostics, and imaging, but bridging thetranslational gap is a difficult task. The majority of nanomedicine research is focusedon cancer. The enhanced permeability and retention effect causes nanoparticlesto selectively concentrate in solid tumors due to the presence of leakyvasculature and reduced lymphatic drainage. As a result, nanoparticles areideal for delivering diagnostic and/or imaging agents, chemotherapeutics,oligonucleotides, and immune regulators in order to improve their therapeuticindex. The majority of nanotechnology cancer treatmentattempts are still in the research or development stages. Many colleges andbusinesses around the world, however, are working in this field.

Associated Society: American Chemical Society - Nanotechnology SafetyResources | American Society for Precision Engineering (ASPE) | BritishSociety for Nanomedicine | International AssociationOf Nanotechnology |Nanotechnology world Association | Society For the Research and Studies ofNanotechnology | National Nanotechnology Association | American Society ofNanotechnology | New Zealand Nanotechnology Society | American Academyof Nanotechnology | National Institute forNanotechnology | Nanotechnology Industries Association

Past Conference Report

Glimpse of Nanotechnology 2022

We would like to thank all of our fantastic keynotes, presenters, conference participants, students, associations, media partners, and visitors for helping to make Nanotechnology conferences 2020 a successful and spectacular event.

Allied Academies hosted the “26th International Conference on Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine” on May 13-14, 2022, at the Panorama Hotel Prague, Milevská 1695/7, 140 63 Praha 4-Nusle, Czechia, Prague, Czech Republic, with the theme “Nanotechnology – A revolution in Medicine.”

We also like to thank the moderators for both Day 1 and Day 2, who helped bring the conference to a successful conclusion.

Johan Alauzun | Charles Gerhardt Institute, Montpellier, France

Kangze Liu | Technological University of Dublin, Ireland

The conference was distinguished by the presence of young and brilliant academics, business representatives, and talented student communities from more than 18 nations, who have propelled this event to success. Various talks on contemporary retro viral research highlighted the conference.

Nanotechnology conferences 2020 included a slew of world-class presenters who enlightened the audience with their knowledge and confabulated on a variety of cutting-edge issues in the fields of Nanomaterials, Nanoscience, Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology.

We are also grateful to the several delegate experts, company representatives, and other distinguished individuals who assisted the conference by creating dynamic discussion forums. We warmly thank the members of the Organizing Committee for their kind presence, support, and assistance in making Nanotechnology conferences 2020 a success.

With the grand success of Nanotechnology 2022, Allied Academies is proud to announce the “28th International Conference on Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine” to be held during August 17-19, 2020, in Bangkok, Thailand.

For more information, please visit: Nanotechnology conferences 2020.

Market Analysis

The Materials and Nanotechnology market generated revenue of $2,536 million in 2013 and is expected to reach $9,078 million by 2024 with a CAGR of 20% from 2016 to 2021. The global nanotechnology market was valued at $1,055.1 million in 2018 and is projected to reach $2,231.4 million by 2025 with a CAGR of 10.5 percentages from 2019 to 2025.

According to the main corporations, increased investment in R&D, expanded use of nanomaterials across a range of application sectors, and the nanomaterials' favourable physicochemical features are the factors most likely to boost demand for nanomaterials across industries. Tiny amounts of nanomaterials are frequently used to enhance the performance of the basic material. However, obstacles like strict environmental restrictions and the expensive price of nanomaterials could stifle the development of the industrial sector.

The global market for nanomaterials and nanotechnologies is anticipated to expand quickly throughout the period of forecasting. Carbon nanotubes, nanoclays, nanofibers, quantum dots, and silicon oxide are examples of nanomaterials. The demand for filtering applications, electronics, cosmetics, energy, medicine, chemicals, coatings, and catalysts will significantly push the markets for nano pods, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and nonporous materials, which have already emerged in these areas.

By 2020, the global market for material science is expected to reach $6 billion, growing at a CAGR of 10.2 percent between 2015 and 2022. North America has the biggest market, followed by Asia-Pacific. As a result of the region's economic recovery and the rising demand for building insulation and energy efficiency, the global market is anticipated to grow steadily.

By 2022, the markets for microspheres and flexible pipe are projected to be worth USD 6.68 billion and USD 1,111.3 million, respectively, with a CAGR of 9.02 percent and 4.0 percent, respectively, between 2017 and 2022. As substance producers sign supply agreements with end-use industries in an effort to preserve and increase their market position within the composites, the market for core materials may also experience a spike.

Key benefits of the Materials and Nanotechnology market:

· The forecast in the study is based on an analysis of current industry trends and future market potential in terms of value and volume for the period 2014-2022.

· The region-based segmentation of the nanomaterials market is offered to understand the current trend in distinct areas.

· The end-complete user's analysis of the worldwide market for nanomaterials fundamentally helps to understand the level of penetration of nanomaterials in various applications in various regions and nations.

Well, the essential dynamic components of market understanding are offered by an examination of current research and advancements in nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials producers' competitive intelligence aids in understanding the competitive landscape among industry participants across various locations.

The study defines the major competitors in the nanomaterials industry and analyses their tactics to understand the market's competitive picture.